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A drug cartel is a composed of independent who with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade. Drug cartels form with the purpose of controlling the supply of the illegal drug trade and maintaining prices at a high level. The formations of drug cartels are common in countries. between multiple drug cartels cause them to wage turf wars against each other. Drug cartels often transport both and , and most often the term "Narcotics cartel" is not used to describe an organization that transports the latter legally defined set of illegal substances, such as marijuana.

Structure
The basic structure of a drug cartel is as follows:

Falcons
Considered as the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the "falcons" are the lowest rank in any drug cartel. They are scouts, who are responsible for conducting , such as reporting the activities of the , the and rival groups.

Hitmen
The armed group within the drug cartel, responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts and extortions, operating protection rackets, as well as from rival groups and the military.

Lieutenants
The second highest position in the drug cartel organization, responsible for supervising the hitmen and falcons within their own territory. They are allowed to carry out low-profile murders without permission from their bosses.

Drug lords
are the highest position in any drug cartel, responsible for supervising the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders, making alliances, in addition to planning high-profile murders.

Other roles
There are other operating groups within the drug cartels. For example, the drug producers and suppliers, although not considered in the basic structure, are critical operators of any drug cartel, along with the smugglers, distributors, , and . Furthermore, the arms suppliers operate in a completely different circle; they are technically not considered part of the cartel's logistics.

Africa
  • Cape Verdean organized crime
  • Kinnear, Karen L (2009) Gangs: a reference handbook, ABC-CLIO,
  • Organized crime in NigeriaShanty, Frank & Mishra, Patit (2007) Organized crime : from trafficking to terrorism, ABC-CLIO,
    • Confraternities in Nigeria
      • Black Axe (organized crime group)
  • militia gangs
  • Moroccan hashish smugglers
    • Ahmed organization

Americas
North America
Canada
  • Bacon Brothers
  • United Nations gang
  • Indo-Canadian organized crime
    • Brothers Keepers (gang)
    • ਜੌਹਲ ਗਿਰੋਹ (Canada)Schneider, Stephen (2009) Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada, John Wiley and Sons,
  • Canadian mafia families
    • Rizzuto crime family
    • Cotroni crime family
    • Musitano crime family
    • Papalia crime family
    • Luppino crime family
    • Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan
    • Commisso 'ndrina

Mexico
Mexican cartels (also known in as: la Mafia (the or the mob), La Maña (the skill / the bad manners), narcotraficantes (narco-traffickers), or simply as narcos usually refers to several, rival, criminal organizations that are combated by the Mexican government in the Mexican War on Drugs (List sorted by branches and heritage):

Mexican academic Oswaldo Zavala, in his book Drug Cartels Do Not Exist, argues that academics, officials, journalists and writers are mistaken to label the criminal gangs as cartels, noting that they do not meet the definition due to the competitive nature of the drugs trade, and the lack of hierarchal structure. He states that the Mexican state perpetuates the label to justify their militarised response.ANÍBAL GÓMEZ, O. Drug Cartels Do Not Exist: Narco-Trafficking and Culture in the US and Mexico. Chasqui (01458973), s. Https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=159559885&site=eds-live&scope=site . Accessed: 6 June 2023.

According to some observers in 2010, instituted social media demonstrations of torture and sadism in their reprisals which changed the rules of the game among the Mexican cartels.Grayson, George W. THE EVOLUTION OF LOS ZETAS IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA: SADISM AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CARTEL WARFARE. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2014. Retrieved 5 Feb. 2025. The level of violence and social instability greatly increased during the presidency of .Wax-Edwards, Jessica. “Introduction.” Documenting Violence in Calderón’s Mexico: Visual Culture, Resistance and Memorialisation, Boydell & Brewer, 2023, pp. 1–8. Retrieved 5 February 2025. The Calderon and Foxe administrations worked closer with American law enforcement and utilized the military forces which led to some confusion among local law enforcement in public security and a variety of human rights abuses and corruption.YADAV, SUHASINI. “Mexican Drug Cartelisation: THE LONG WAR AND ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES (2000–2016).” World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, vol. 26, no. 2, 2022, pp. 40–59. Retrieved 5 Feb. 2025. The former head of Mexican law enforcement, Genaro García Luna, was sentenced in the Eastern District of New York on October 16, 2024 for his role in associated drug trafficking in the United States.United States Attorney's Office. (16 October 2024). "Press Release:Ex-Mexican Secretary of Public Security Genaro Garcia Luna Sentenced to Over 38 Years' Imprisonment". U.S. Attorney's Office website Retrieved 5 February 2025.

Note: As of 2020 the DEA considered the cartels of Sinaloa, Jalisco and Golfo-Noreste-Zetas to be the most influential cartels in Mexico.

  • (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
    • (members are now a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel)
    • (was reformed in 2018 and is still a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel)
    • Los Ántrax (enforcer squad) used by the Sinaloa Cartel]]
    • La Resistencia (Splintered from the Milenio Cartel; disbanded)
  • Jalisco New Generation Cartel (Independent remnants of the Milenio Cartel)

  • (The oldest Mexican criminal syndicate, started as Prohibition-era bootlegging gang)
    • (Formerly part of the Gulf Cartel, now independent)
      • Zetas Vieja Escuela (Formerly part of Los Zetas, now independent)
      • Cártel del Noreste (Formerly part of Los Zetas, now independent)
    • La Familia Michoacana (Formerly a branch of the Gulf Cartel, then went independent)La Familia MichoacanaCarlos Rosales Mendoza
    • La Nueva Familia Michoacana Organization (Splintered from La Familia Cartel)
    • Knights Templar Cartel (Splintered from La Familia Cartel)
    • (Beltran-Leyva enforcement squad; disbanded)
    • South Pacific Cartel (branch of the Beltran Leyva Cartel in Morelos) related murders in Mexico, 2006–2011]]
    • Independent Cartel of Acapulco (Splinter from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel)
    • (gang)
    • La Mano Con Ojos (gang) (small cell of Beltran-Leyva members in the State of Mexico) (Disbanded)
    • La Nueva Administración (Splintered from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel) (Disbanded)
    • La Oficina (gang) (cell of the Beltran-Leyva Cartel in Aguascalientes) (Disbanded)
    • Cártel de la Sierra (cell in Guerrero)
    • Cártel de La Calle (cell in Chiapas)
    • Los Chachos (gang in Tamaulipas) (Disbanded)
  • (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
    • (Was a branch of the disbanded Tijuana Cartel, its regional leader was captured in 2007)
  • Juárez Cartel (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
    • La Línea (Juárez Cartel enforcer squad)
    • (U.S. street gang) (Allied with La Linea) was a Mexican drug lord. He was a former Mexican secret police (DFS) agent.]]
  • Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel
  • Lesser-known small-criminal organizations:
    • (U.S. street gang)
    • Los Texas (street gang) (disbanded)
  • Government officials: Other organizations that have been involved in drug trade or traffic in Mexico:
    • Mexican officials:
    • United States officials:
      • U.S. Customs and Border Protection

United States
The United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and other illegal drugs. This is a list of American criminal organizations involved in illegal drug traffic, drug trade and other related crimes in the United States:

La Cosa Nostra
Italian immigrants to the United States in the early 19th century formed various small-time gangs which gradually evolved into sophisticated crime syndicates which dominated organized crime in America for several decades. Although government crackdowns and a less-tightly knit Italian-American community have largely reduced their power, they remain an active force in the underworld.

Active crime families

Defunct mafia families
  • Morello crime family
  • Genna crime family
  • Porrello crime family
  • St. Louis crime family
  • Rochester Crime Family
  • Bufalino crime family
  • Dallas crime family
  • Denver crime family
  • San Francisco crime family
  • San Jose crime family
  • Seattle crime family
  • Omaha crime family
  • New York Camorra
  • East Harlem Purple Gang
  • National Crime Syndicate
    • Murder, Inc.Rockaway, Robert A (2000) But he was good to his mother: the lives and crimes of Jewish gangsters, Gefen Publishing House Ltd,

Jewish mafia

African-American organized crime

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Caribbean

South America
Brazil
  • Primeiro Comando da Capital, based in São Paulo
  • , based in Rio de Janeiro
  • , based in Rio de Janeiro (disbanded)
    • Terceiro Comando Puro, based in Rio de Janeiro
  • Amigos dos Amigos, based in Rio de Janeiro
  • Família do Norte, based in Amazonas
  • Guardiões do Estado, based in Ceará

Bolivia
  • Bolivian drug cartels (See also García Meza regime drug trafficking)

Colombia
Colombia is the largest producer of cocaine in the world, and cocaine production in Colombia reached an all-time high in 2017.

Active Colombian drug cartels:

Historical Colombian drug cartels:

  • Medellín Cartel
  • Norte del Valle Cartel
  • North Coast Cartel
  • United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
  • Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

Peru
  • Peruvian drug cartels (see also Vladimiro Montesinos)
    • Zevallos organisation

Ecuador
Active Ecuadorian drug cartels:

Venezuela
Historically Venezuela has been a path to the for illegal drugs originating in Colombia, through Central America and and Caribbean countries such as , the Dominican Republic, and .

According to the , there has been an increase of cocaine trafficking through Venezuela since 2002. El Universal, 24 February 2008, Aumenta narcotráfico por Venezuela In 2005, Venezuela severed ties with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying. Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers. Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008United Nations, World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures to sixth in the world in 2012. The cartel groups involved include:

  • The Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan moved to Venezuela,Tom Blickman (1997), " The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba ", Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 1997 which became an important hideout as the clan bought hotels and founded various businesses in Caracas and Valencia, as well as an extended ranch in Barinas, near the Colombian border. "Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory," according to the Italian police. "The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela." The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.

Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were expelled from Venezuela in 1992, "almost secretly smuggled out of the country, as if it concerned one of their own drug transports. It was imperative they could not contact people on the outside who could have used their political connections to stop the expulsion." Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by Senator Cristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator, Thor Halvorssen Hellum. They were arrested in September 1992 at Fiumicino airport (Rome),. " The Troublemaker ". The Pennsylvania Gazette (November 1994).Presumed Guilty, by , Gentlemen's Quarterly (GQ), July 1994 (UK edition) and in 1996 were sentenced to 13–20 years.

  • Norte del Valle Cartel : In 2008 the leader of the Colombian Norte del Valle Cartel, , was found murdered in a hotel in Mérida in Venezuela. , 1 February 2008, Colombian drugs lord found dead
  • The Cartel of the Suns According to . Deputy Editorial Page Editor of The Washington Post, the Bolivarian government of Venezuela shelters "one of the world's biggest drug cartels". There have also been allegations that former president Hugo Chávez and being involved with drug trafficking.

In May 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported from United States officials that drug trafficking in Venezuela increased significantly with Colombian drug traffickers moving from Colombia to Venezuela due to pressure from law enforcement. One United States Department of Justice official described the higher ranks of the Venezuelan government and military as "a criminal organization", with high ranking Venezuelan officials, such as National Assembly President , being accused of drug trafficking. Those involved with investigations stated that Venezuelan government defectors and former traffickers had given information to investigators and that details of those involved in government drug trafficking were increasing.

Central America
Honduras
  • Honduran drug cartels

El Salvador

Nicaragua
  • drug cartels (see also Contras)
    • Oscar Danilo Blandón

Asia
East Asia
Korea
  • (see also North Korea's illicit activities)

Japan
[[Japanese criminal organizations/" itemprop="url" title="Wiki: yakuza">yakuza
The of Japan are similar to the Italian mafias in that they originated centuries ago and follow a rigid set of traditions, but have several aspects that make them unique, such as their full-body tattoos and their fairly open place in Japanese society. Many yakuza groups are umbrella organizations, smaller gangs reporting to a larger crime syndicate.

Active yakuza groups

Defunct yakuza groups

Chinese
The Triads is a popular name for a number of Chinese criminal secret societies, which have existed in various forms over the centuries (see for example ). However, not all Chinese gangs fall into line with these traditional groups, as many non-traditional criminal organizations have formed, both in China and the Chinese diaspora.

Southeast Asia
  • Golden TriangleBooth, Martin (2000) The dragon syndicates: the global phenomenon of the Triads Basic Books,
    • Burmese drug cartels (see also Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army)
      • Chepesiuk, Ron (1999) The war on drugs: an international encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, (see also Mong Tai Army)
      • (see also United Wa State Army and National Democratic Alliance Army)
      • Han cartel
    • Laotian drug cartels (see also )

  • Filipino crime gangs (See also and New People's Army)
    • Kuratong Baleleng
    • Waray-Waray gangs October 10, 2018
    • Bahala Na Gang
    • Sigue Sigue Sputnik
    • (defunct)
  • Cambodian crime gangs
  • Malaysian crime gangs
  • Secret societies in Singapore

Vietnamese Xã Hội Đen
  • Bình XuyênOoi, Keat Gin (2004) Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 ABC-CLIO,
  • Đại Cathay's mafia during the 60s
  • Năm Cam's mafia of the 90s
  • Khánh Trắng's "Đồng Xuân Labor Union", a crime syndicate under the guise of a legal entity
  • Dung Hà's gang
  • Vũ Xuân Trường's gang: a crime syndicate led by Vũ Xuân Trường, a government official and also a drug lord.

South Asia
India
Uttar Pradesh
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Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lankan criminal groups
Pakistan
  • Pakistani mafia (See also Peoples' Aman Committee, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Muttahida Qaumi Movement and ISI involvement with drugs)
Afghanistan

Central Asia

West Asia

Eurasia
Russia
Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during the . The term , 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of the and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members.

North Caucasia
See also Caucasus Emirate

Georgia

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Europe
Sweden
  • Original Gangsters
  • Fucked For Life
  • Chosen Ones
  • Werewolf Legion
  • Asir
  • Vårvädersligan

Netherlands

France
  • French Milieu (See also Service d'Action Civique)
    • Gayraud, Jean-François (2009) Showbiz, people et corruption, Odile Jacob,
    • Les Caïds Des Cités
      • Faïd gang
      • The Barbarians
    • Wigs gang
    • North African Brigade (see also )
    • Tractions Avant gangCharles Bacelon, Max Clos, etc. Histoire du banditisme et des grandes affaires criminelles, Genève : éditions Famot, 1974. OCLC 77615747
    • French gypsy gangs

Greece
Ireland

Spain

Poland
  • Poland (See also Group 13)
    • Pruszków mafia
    • Wołomin mafia

Slovakia

Hungary
  • Raffael clan
  • Sztojka clan

Czech Republic
  • Mrázek organization
  • Krejčíř organization

Italy

Balkans
Balkan organized crime gained prominence in the chaos following the communist era, notably the transition to capitalism and the wars in former Yugoslavia.

Great Britain

Ukraine

Lithuania

Estonia

Transnistria
  • Transnistrian mafia

Australia
  • Sydney
    • 5T gangSmall, Clive & Gilling, Tom (2010) Smack Express: How Organized Crime Got Hooked on Drugs, Allen & Unwin, (1985–1999)
    • Freeman gang (defunct)
    • 's gang (1960s)
    • 's gang
    • Writer, Larry (2009) Razor: Tilly Devine, Kate Leigh and the Razor Gangs Pan Macmillan Australia Pty, (1920s)
  • Melbourne
  • Perth
    • Salvator cartel

Further reading

External links

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